Surgeons rely on intraoperative monitoring to evade irreparable damage to the patient's sensory, auditory, and visual structures, as well as injury to the nerves that control movement and reflexes. Cortical mapping allows the surgeon to safely navigate the brain by identifying the central sulcus and localizing specific... more

Microvascular decompression surgery is a procedure used to reduce pressure from offending vesselson cranial nerves. The trigeminal, facial and glossopharyngeal nerves are the most common cranial nerves affected by vascular compressions, where a vessel can be pressing directly on the nerve causing it to malfunction... more

Minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty is a relatively unexplored procedure. The surgeon makes one or two small incisions instead of one large one to try to reduce muscle and tendon trauma, infection rates, and lengthy scars left behind by regular THA. Because of this, the surgeon’s vision of the anatomy is limited to... more

The patient was a 16 y/o female who presented to the operating room with idiopathic scoliosis. She was in good health with no neurologic deficit. Her x-rays demonstrated a severe thoracolumbar “S” shaped curve. The surgeon performed a T2-L2 posterior spinal fusion with... more

Intraoperative monitoring has been useful in surgical procedures in which peripheral or cranial nerves are at risk. Intraoperative monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a motor division of the vagus nerve) records the electromyographic activity of the vocalis muscle by using a commercially... more